Stranger In a Strange Land is a parable - and as such, it contains many hidden meanings, especially in the names of the characters. And since it is also a story by Heinlein, it is filled with multi-cultural references, historical references and sometimes obscure slang phrases.
This is a glossary which includes both the meanings of characters' names and hard-to-find references (or words that might not appear in a standard dictionary.)

Abigail - Source of joy
Aesculapius - Greek god of healing
Alexandra - Defender of mankind
Anne - Grace, mercy
Becky - Bound
Ben - Son of the right hand
clem - Fight between carnival workers and townspeople.
Dennis - Of Dionysus
Dorcas - Gazelle
Duke - Leader
Fatima - Favorite daughter of Mohammed
frail - (1930's slang) Girl or young woman
Gillian - Youthful
Harvey, William - English physician (1578 - 1657) wrote the first accurate account of the circulation of the blood.
“I've got a little list...” - Song from The Mikado, by Gilbert & Sullivan, sung by the Lord High Executioner.
Jubal - Father of all who play lyre and pipe
Karthago delenda est - Phrase used by Roman orator Cato to end all his speeches. "Carthage must be destroyed!"
King's X - Truce (signified by crossed fingers.)
Larry - Crowned with laurel
Lingayats - A priestly caste in India who wear the symbol of the lingam around their necks.
lippman - Referring to journalist and commentator Walter Lippman.
Matsyendra - Yoga posture - spinal twist.
Michael - Who is like God
Miriam - Rebellious
nichevo - (Russian) nothing
Occam’s razor - A theory should not propose the existence of anything more than is necessary for its explanation.
Patricia - Of noble birth
pau - (Hawaiian) Completed, consumed, finished.
peccavimus - Confession
Pepys and his diary - Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) whose diary is notable, in part, because it was written in code.
Porlock - A man from Porlock wrecked Coleridge’s train of thought during the writing of Kubla Khan.
pranha - Life force, vital energy
Renshaw, Samuel - A psychologist who did work on visual perception, memory, and learning.  He developed a method of teaching aircraft identification used in WW II.
thirty - Refers to the end of a telegraph message: XXX (thirty in Roman numerals.)
“tyle the door” - Term used in Freemasonry, meaning to guard the door against intruders.
Valentine - Healthy
Venus Genetrix - Venus The Universal Mother, divine ancestress of the Roman people.
winchell - Referring to gossip columnist Walter Winchell.
Wobblies - International Workers of the World (IWW) labor union.
Zenobia - Given life by Zeus

I make no apologies for omissions, but additions and corrections to this list are welcome (especially if you know the reference to Armattoe near the end of chapter 33.) If you have run into a word or reference that has you stumped and isn't in this list, let me know and I will try to include it.

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